论意思表示理论的应然面向——基于对意思表示构成要件理论的反思及批判

On Declaration of Intention——Based on the Reflection and Criticism the Theory of Elements of Declaration of Intention

意思表示理论被誉为私法理论之"皇冠上的明珠",但是,对于意思表示构成要件及其主观要件的构成之研究,常陷入探究真意的误区;意思表示理论在司法实践中主要表现为对瑕疵事项的规定,是通过对外界干扰因素的排除从而保障意思的自由,并非是从正面探寻意思内容的真实性,这符合意思表示理论维护主体意思自治之目的,也符合法律并非正面保障权利而是反向排除权利干扰之因素的基本思路;英美法系司法实践中的"不当影响"排除制度也与大陆法系之重视瑕疵意思表示制度(忽视构成要件理论)之实践相契合。

Declaration of Intention is very important in the civil law and it is the basic element for legal act.However,it is not correct to study the elements of the declaration of intention and the elements of consciousness.In the judicial practice,much attention is paid on the flaws to exclude the external interference of making decision freely,not to explore the true meanings,which is in agreement with the theory of decision freely,but in fact the function of law is not to protect the rights directly. The rule of ＂improper influence＂in the judicial practice of Anglo American legal system also corroborate that it is more suitable to study the theory of flaws but not the elements of declaration of intention.