汉代“殊死”考

An Examination of the Death Penalty(殊死)in the Han Dynasty

"殊死"是常见于汉代史籍的法律用语,自古至今,学者从罪名或刑名的角度对此作了各种解释,计有律有明文的死罪、大逆罪、重大死罪、斩刑、弃市、死刑等。本文认为殊死在汉代是一个用以表示死罪严重程度的复合概念,其要素包括罪行性质、是否律有明文、能否赦免及处刑方式与处刑时限。具体来说,殊死是专指律有明文的大逆不道罪,主要包括谋反、谋大逆、谋叛、恶逆等,此类死罪,性质严重,绝不赦免,处死方式固定为腰斩,且行刑决不待时。由于受刑时罪犯的身体被斧钺断开,故曰殊死。后世法律中的真犯死罪(真死)制度即源自于此。

＂Special death penalty＂ is often appeared in the Han Dynasty in the history of legal language, from ancient times to the present, the scholars from the perspective of this crime or litigation made various interpretations, there are laws expressly to death（死罪）,great high treason（大逆罪）,significant death（重大死刑）,beheaded（斩刑）,execution of a prisoner in a crowded market（弃市）,death penalty（死刑）.The Special death penalty in the Han Dynasty a compound used to indicate the severity of the concept, its main elements including the criminal acts of nature, whether the law expressly, whether pardon and punishment and sentenced to time. Specifically, the law expressly refers to the Special death penalty is not the crime of regicide（大逆不道罪）,including conspiracy against（谋反）,seeking regicide（谋大逆）,insurgence（谋判）,e ni（恶逆）,this kind of the death of sin, character is tough, never forgive, death was cut Yaozhan（腰斩）,the execution will not wait for the time. Because of the torture of criminals in the body by the axe off, so the Special death penalty. Later in the law really committed a capital offense（really dead） system is derived from the Special death.