磷锌配施对花生生理特性、产量及品质的影响

The combined effects of phosphorus and zinc on physiological characteristics,yield and quality of peanut plants

协调磷-锌配比是作物达到最佳产量和质量的保障。采用大田试验,在豫南花生主产区高磷低锌的砂姜黑土上,研究了不同磷、锌配比对花生抗氧化特性及产量、品质的影响。结果表明,磷锌配施对花生生理特性产生一定影响,相同磷用量下,施锌比不施锌显著提高了花生叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、生长素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低花生叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量;相同锌用量下,随磷用量的增加,花生叶片的SOD和POD活性先增高后降低,MDA含量先降低后增加,生长素含量无显著变化,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量也表现出先增高后降低的趋势,但处理间差异呈显著或不显著。对花生产量和品质来讲,与不施肥相比,磷锌单独或配施均在一定程度上提高了花生产量、粗脂肪及脂肪酸组分,且磷锌配施效果优于二者单独施用,其中90 kg/hm^2磷肥与60 kg/hm^2锌肥配施处理的产量最高,增产率达24.1%,增产原因可能是提高了花生的抗氧化能力,增加了单株饱果数和饱果重。双因素方差分析结果显示,磷对花生株高、侧枝长、单株饱果数、单株饱果重和产量影响显著;锌仅对单株饱果数和饱果重及产量影响显著;磷-锌交互作用对花生株高影响显著,对产量及其构成因素和品质影响不显著。综上,磷锌配施可以改善花生的生理特性,提高花生产量和品质,但高量磷与锌肥配施却不利于花生抗氧化能力、产量和品质的提高。在豫南花生主产区,建议多补充锌肥,少用磷肥。

The coordination of phosphorus（ P）-zinc（ Zn） ratio is the guarantee of the optimal yield and quality of the crop.The field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different P and Zn ratios on antioxidant properties,yield and quality of peanut in lime concretion black soil,which had high P and low Zn concentration in the main production areas of peanut in southern Henan region. The results showed that,the application of P and Zn had a certain effect on the physiological characteristics of peanut. Under the same P rate,compared with no Zn application,the SOD,POD activities,auxin,soluble sugar and soluble protein contents of peanut were significantly increased,while the MDA content in peanut was decreased. The SOD activity,POD activity,the soluble sugar and soluble protein contents in peanut leaves increased firstly and then decreased,but the difference was significant or not significant. The auxin content did not change significantly. For yield and quality of peanut,compared with non-fertilization,the application of P and Zn alone or combined to a certain extent increased peanut yield,crude fat and fatty acid components,and combined effect of P and Zn application was superior to their separately application. The yield was the highest under P2O5 90 kg/hm2 and Zn 60 kg/hm2 fertilizer,and the increased rate was 24.1%,due to increasing antioxidant capacity,fruit number and fruit weight per plant. The results of two-way ANOVA showed that P had significant effect on plant height,lateral branch length,fruit number per plant,fruit weight per plant and yield. Zn had only significant effect on fruit yield and fruit weight and yield. P-Zn interaction had significant effect on the height of peanut,and had no significant effect on yield and its composition and quality. Overall,the application of P and Zn can improve the physiological characteristics of peanut,the yield and quality of peanut,but the high P rate with Zn fertilizer is not conducive to improve peanut antioxidant capacity,yield and quality. In the main production areas of peanut in southern Henan,it is recommended to apply more Zn fertilizer and less P fertilizer