基于等标污染负荷法的牛皮加工过程废水污染源解析

Wastewater pollution sources apportionment of cowhide processing based on equal-standard pollution load method

对全国主要制革集中区几家传统牛皮制革企业加工过程中废水污染物及其排放量进行了调查．并采用等标污染负荷法对其进行解析。结果表明：如果采用传统的灰碱法脱毛工艺，牛皮制革主要的11个工序中，浸水、脱脂和染色加脂工序主要水污染物为油脂，鞣制、复鞣和中和工序主要污染物为总铬，浸灰、脱毛、脱灰、软化、浸酸5个工序主要污染物都是硫化物；主要污染工序为脱毛、浸灰、脱灰、染色加脂和鞣制，累积负荷比达到85％以上。污染负荷比的计算结果表明：采用传统工艺的牛皮制革整个过程中主要污染物是硫化物、总铬和油脂，它们的累积负荷比达到了85％以上。如果采用保毛脱毛工艺，虽然硫化物的排放量有所降低．但是其等标污染负荷仍然很高，硫化物还是主要的水污染物之一。该研究结果可为牛皮制革过程的水污染物控制提供科学、可靠的依据．

Based on wastewater contaminants and discharge investigation several traditional leather making enter- prises in the major leather concentration areas of China, the source apportionment of tannery wastewater of cowhide processing was performed using equal standard pollution load method. The results show that as far as eleven main processes are considered for the traditional sulfide method, grease is the main pollutant in soaking, degreasing and dyeing-fatliquoring process, and chromium pollution mainly occurs in tanning, retanning and neutralization, while the sulfide is the predominant pollutant in the unhairing, liming, deliming, softening and pickling process. Further analy- sis indicates that the unhairing, liming, deliming and dyeing-fatliquoring processes are the main pollution processes, and their total load ratio is more than 85%. Sulfide, total chromium and grease are the main pollutants in the whole processes of cowhide leather making according to the calculation results, and the total load ratio is also more than 85%. If hair saving process is adopted, although the discharge of sulphide is lower, the pollution load of equal-stand- ard is still high, and sulfide is still one of the main water pollutants. It provides a scientific and reliable foundation for subsequent controlling of wastewater pollutants.