《民法总则》“法律除外条款”的考察与论证

An Obsorvation and Reseccrch on the “Exclusion Clause” in the General Principls of Civil Law

《民法总则》的编纂代表着中国正式迈入民法典时代。受我国多层级法律结构体系的影响,《民法总则》中设置了大量的法律除外条款,使其在补正、调整民事法律体系的同时,也为法律适用带来了难以防控的风险。法律除外条款指向条文不存在、指向条文的层级模糊抑或是指向条文与民法理念、法律位阶相背离,都是对民法体系本身的颠覆性破坏。法律除外条款是现代法治的共同经验,较之各国民法对于法律除外条款采取的谨慎、精准之态度,未来民法典对法律除外条款的设置应当以法律规范的客观确定性为逻辑前提,以法律位阶的合规性为效力指引,以民法基本理念与原理为检视标准,将法律除外条款最大程度限定于民法典体系内部,以实现民法体系的自足与完备为最终价值追求。

The compilation of the general principles of civil law represents China ＇s formal entry into the era of civil code. Under the influence of China ＇s multi-level legal system,the general principles of civil law set up a large number of legal exclusion clauses,which make it in the correction and adjustment of the civil legal system. However,it also brought uncontrollable risk to the application of law. As to the legal exclusion clauses,the non-existence of the reference,the ambiguity of the article and the departure of the doctrine and the legal status may cause subversive destruction to the civil law system. The use of legal exclusion clauses is the common experience of modern rule of law. With the reference of the cautious and accurate attitude of civil law to the legal exclusion clauses,the establishment of the future civil code should take the objective certainty of legal norms as the logical premise,take the legal rank as the effective guidance,take the basic concept of civil law as the inspection standard,and limit the use of legal exclusion clauses to the maximum extent within the civil code system in order to achieve the ultimate value pursuit of self-sufficiency and integrity of the civil law system.