农民、历史、现代国家想象——20世纪50年代农民识字课本中的现代民族国家建构

Farmers,History,Modern Nation's Imagination——Farmers' Spelling Book Reflecting the Construction of Modern Nation-State in the 1950s

20世纪50年代,识字课本在毛泽东大力推进的农民扫盲教育工作中发挥着载体的关键作用。作为扫盲对象的农民阶级,自鸦片战争之后受到西方资本主义的入侵而面临传统与现代交织的变局。农民作为被启蒙的一环而嵌入现代民族国家建构进程中。毛泽东推进农民扫盲教育是从共享的体制、文化和族群等方面出发,对农民民族认同观念的塑造。凭借强有力的中央政权,将农民日常生活世界的符号进行编码并赋予特定意义,进行识字课本中话语符号的合法性建构,形成话语权力和秩序,达到对农民阶级国家意识以及民族观念的启蒙和规训,是自上而下推进的现代民族国家建构。

In the 1950 s,the spelling-book plays a key role in farmers＇ illiteracy education promoted by Mao tse-tung.As the object of the anti-illiteracy campaign,the peasantry strata are facing the various change,since the opium war and the invasion of western capitalist powers.Farmers regarded as one of the part of enlightenment are to be implanted into the process of national establishment.Shared system,cultural and ethnic groups etc,those are some aspects that Mao tsetung used to impel the eliminating illiteracy education in order to build up farmers＇ sense of national identity.By means of forceful central regime,he encodes the symbol of the farmers＇ daily life,gives the specific meaning,constructs the legitimacy of the symbol words in spelling-book and performs the utterance right and order,to achieve the discipline of peasantry＇s national consciousness and ethical conception.It is a kind of modern nation-state construction from top to bottom.