关于钱大昕对宋代避讳的考论

On Qian Daxin's Examination of the Taboo of the Song Dynasty

钱大昕被陈垣称赞为"避讳学专家"。钱氏考论宋代避讳,涉及地名避讳、姓名避讳、职官避讳、文字避讳等诸多方面,均创获良多。同时也留下了某些可探究的问题。宋代避讳兼具习俗与制度双重性质。避讳以其避讳对象而论,大致可分为帝王圣贤讳与为家族尊长讳两大类。圣讳不仅是弹性较大的习俗,更是刚性较强的制度,如若违犯,将受惩处。家讳性质大抵属于习俗,但任职避家讳就不只是习俗,而是载入法律的制度性规定。避家讳习俗的流传程度因社会层级与文化水平而异。此外,钱大昕简洁、直白、明快的治学风格在当今尤其值得发扬光大。

Qian Daxin was praised by Chen Yuan as＂taboo expert＂.Qian studied and avoided taboo in Song Dynasty,involving many aspects,such as taboo,name avoidance,official taboo and text avoidance.At the same time,there are some questions that can be explored.The taboo of the Song Dynasty has both the customs and the dual nature of the system.Concerned the objects,taboo can be divided into the imperial family elders and sage taboo.The sage taboo is not only the flexible custom,but also a relatively rigid system,which if the violation will be punished.A private taboo belongs to custom,but as taboo in office is enshrined in law rules and regulations.The prevalence of taboo custom varies from social level to cultural level.Qian Daxin’s straightforward and bright style of learning is worth developing today.