明清时期皖江流域人口的盈缩与土地的开发利用

Population Change and Land Utilization of Wanjiang Basin in Ming and Qing Dynasties

明朝皖江流域的招抚流亡、鼓励垦荒和承认对土地的所有权等政策促进耕地面积增长、提高土地垦殖率,使客民及小农猛增,户口益繁;明末清初战争和太平天国运动,使得皖江人口再次减少,清政府采取移民垦殖、鼓励垦荒、招佃经营的措施,耕地面积不断增加,使皖江流域再现移民高潮。呈现出:土地开发早,人口密度较大,人均耕地较少;新型作物引进,山地得到开发;大量圩田出现,农业技术水平提升;人口增长加剧了人民的生存竞争;人口增长恶化了明清皖江流域的生态环境等特点。

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the policies of settling refugees,encouragingl and reclamation and acknowledging land ownership increased agricultural acreage,improved land reclamation and cultivation rate,and made the number of immigrants and smallholders soar and population increase.However,the wars in the late Ming and early Qing and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement reduced the population in the region.The Qing government adopted a few measures to encourage immigration,land reclamation and cultivation,and recruit tenant farmers to manage land,increasing agricultural acreage and leading to the reappearance of immigration boom in the region.And in this period,population and land utilization showed some distinctive features：land was developed at an earlier stage,population density was high,and arable land per capita small;new crops were introduced,and mountain lands developed;low-lying paddy lands appeared in a large scale,and agricultural technology was improved to a higher level;population growth aggravated people＇s survival competition,and worsened ecological environment of the Wanjiang Basin in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.