社会—生态系统脆弱性视角下乡村旅游对贫困农户生计的影响——以福建省永春县北溪村为例

Effects of Rural Tourism on the Livelihood of Poor Farmers from the Perspective of Social-Ecosystem Vulnerability:A Case Study of Beixi Village,Yongchun County,Fujian Province

基于社会—生态系统脆弱性视角,将乡村旅游地视为局域性的社会—生态系统,应用可持续生计框架对福建省永春县北溪村乡村旅游发展历程进行梳理,分析旅游发展对农户生计的冲击及其所采取的适应性生计策略,并定性评价农户生计资本及生计脆弱性。结果认为:(1)乡村旅游改变了北溪村传统的生计方式,农户生计资本总体改善,但表现出明显的替代效应;(2)旅游资源控制权的丧失使当地社会—生态系统暴露于旅游业固有的周期波动性所产生的外部冲击,农户生计脆弱性上升;(3)旅游对农户生计的胁迫大于机遇,适应能力差异驱动农户生计结构异质化。乡村旅游对农户影响作用的发生有赖于农户对旅游产业发展的适应,需要政府创造良好的制度环境和扶持措施增强农户对旅游扰动的适应力,降低农户生计的脆弱性。

From the perspective of the vulnerability of social-ecological systems and regarding the rural tourism destination as the local social-ecological system,the development process of rural tourism in Beixi Village,Yongchun County,Fujian Province,was reviewed with sustainable livelihood framework,the impact of tourism development on the livelihood of farmers and the adaptive livelihood strategies adopted were analyzed,and the livelihood capital and livelihood vulnerability of peasant households were qualitatively evaluated.The main conclusions included：（1）the rural tourism had changed the traditional ways of farmers＇ livelihood in Beixi.The farmers＇ livelihood capital achieved improvement overall,but showed obvious substitution effect;（2）Due to the control loss of tourism resources,the local social-ecological system were suffering the external shocks generated by the intrinsic cyclical fluctuation of tourism industry,and the vulnerability of farmers＇ livelihood had been increased;（3）The impact of tourism on the farmers＇ livelihood contained more threat than opportunity,and the differences of farmers＇ adaptability induced the heterogeneity of the livelihood structures.Therefore the effects of rural tourism on farmers＇ livelihood depends on their adaptability,which needs the government to supply good institutional environments and supporting measures to enhance the farmers＇ adaptability to the disturbance of tourism and to reduce the vulnerability of farmers＇ livelihood.