“边缘”与“阈限”:范热内普与特纳的仪式论比较及其扩展

Margin and Liminality: the Comparison of Ritual Theory between Van Gennep and Victor Turner and Extended the Discussion

范热内普和特纳是人类学仪式研究的扛鼎。前者提出了三级结构式的"过渡礼仪模式",其中"边缘"概念既有空间指向,也有现象学意义,进而延伸到时间范畴中;后者在继承前者观点的基础上,发展了"阈限"中的"反结构"状态。前者重视普同主义视野,强调建构秩序感;后者关注社会文化本体论,强调无序感的存在。但是,二者均热衷于把仪式限定在带有宗教性活动的领域中。而现代社会中的仪式并非仅仅包含在宗教性活动中,仪式的多样性和涵盖性更加凸显,"近阈限状态"主要体现在现代社会中的流动群体身上。

Van Gennep and Victor Turner contributed a lot to anthropological ritual research. The former proposed the transition ritual mode. The conception of ＇margin＇ has spatial directionality and phenomenological significance,which then extends into the time category. The latter develops the anti-structure in liminality on the basis of the former viewpoint. Van emphasizes the horizon of universalism and stresses the sense of order. Turner pays more attention to the social cultural ontology,and concerns the existence of out-of-order. However,both of them tend to limit the ritual to fields on religious activities,while rituals are not only restricted in religious activities in modern society. The diversity and inclusiveness of rituals are more evident,which meansthe liminoid event can be reflected mainly on floating groups in modern society.