马铃薯气力精量播种机设计与试验

Design and experiment of precision air-suction type planter for potato

针对目前中国马铃薯播种机普遍存在作业速度慢、精度低、重漏播率高等关键问题,根据中国北方马铃薯一季作区大规模、大面积和高效精量播种的农艺要求,该文研制了一种马铃薯气力式精量播种机,该机一次作业可完成马铃薯开沟、侧深分层施肥、高速播种和覆土等多项功能。设计了气吸式马铃薯播种机多臂均布式排种器结构、分体式滑刀开沟器、排种器风机和动态供种装置;确定了包括配气阀、吸种臂及2种(常规薯、微型薯)吸种嘴的排种器关键部件的结构参数。田间生产试验表明,马铃薯气力精量播种机作业速度可达到10.2 km/h,播种早出苗2~3 d,同苗率达到96%。200 hm2的生产应用表明,本文所研制的马铃薯气力精量播种机重播率≤1%,漏播率≤1%,株距变异系数≤10%,同苗率96%,均超过国家标准且满足马铃薯田间种植的农艺要求,为中国马铃薯机械化播种提供了一种新技术、新装备和新方法。

In order to solve the problems such as the lower operation speed,lower precision at the present stage of China’s potato planting machine,the potato air-powered precision planter was developed in this paper.This planting machine contains fertilizer shovel,seed-metering device,wind blowing fan,potato seed box,wind suction fan,soil coverer,transmission device and land wheel.The whole machine is tracked by tractor with the power of 88.6 kW,and the power of fan rotary dynamic device is provided by tractor.The air-powered precision seed-metering device for potato is different from the traditional air suction device,and it has the distributed multi suction arms and at the end of each arm is installed with suction nozzles.With the rotation of seed-metering device and the working of suction fan and blowing fan,the potato can be sucked on the suction nozzles and cast into furrow in special position.As the most important structure of the seed-metering device,the sealing property of the device is very significant,and the air distribution valve of this seed-metering device is made of alumina alloy covered with porcelain.The static value cooperates with rotary value.The areas of positive pressure and negative pressure zone in static value are independent,and the negative pressure zone and the positive pressure area account for 300°and 13°,respectively.The suction nozzle contains miniature potato nozzle and conventional potato nozzle.The soil particles are cut and crashed by the edge of the shovel at the front side of the sliding-knife opener,and move along the side of opener.Some of the soil particles fall into the furrow first to create a soft furrow,and the rest of soil particles move backwards along the opener,and then cover the potato when it falls into furrow.The lower soil particles can firstly provide a better furrow situation for potato to grow.Besides,the seed-supplying device is designed to meet the needs of the transfer of potato.This potato level switch is the key part of this device.The electrical signal can be transferred from switch to motor to transfer potato seed.Fan blade is designed to meet the requirements of suction pressure.The centrifugal fan is used due to the higher efficiency.The test was implemented in Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Keshan Farm in 2016 and 2017.Potato in this test was prepared by Northeast Agricultural University.Field experiments showed that the potato air-suction planter’s operating speed reached 10.2 km/h,emergence of seedling was 2-3 days earlier than potato planted by traditional planter,and the seedling rate reached 96%,indicating that the production practice of the seedlings of this device is strong.The field production test area was 200 hm2,the replay rate of the potato air-powered planter was below 1%,the missing rate was below 1%,and the coefficient of variation for row spacing was less than 10%,exceeding the national standard and meeting the requirements of potato planting agronomy;the mean absolute deviation of sowing width was less than the traditional potato planter due to the use of sliding-knife opener.This air-powered planter can provide a new technology for high speed precision potato sowing and promote the potato production mechanization process in China.