行政决定中的科学不确定性审查:美国的实践及其启示

Review of Administrative Decision Related to Scientific Uncertainty:US Practice and Its Enlightenments

行政的自由性与羁束性向来为行政法学的核心议题,而涉及科学不确定性的行政决定如何透过司法审查进行合法性控制,乃位于司法权与行政权制衡与消长的艰困领域。美国联邦法院的司法实践表明,涉及高度专业化的行政决定并不必然导向法院的全面退缩,也不要求法院对科学事实进行实体审查。行政机关要承认是在存在科学不确定性的情形下做出行政决定的,并且在做出行政决定之前要对不同性质的科学不确定性做出充分讨论,这样才能获得更多司法尊重。这一审查进路不仅有利于促进行政机关合理行政,也有利于促进法院、行政机关和科学团体间的对话以及科学研究的良性发展。

The freedom and restrictions in administration has always been the core issue in the science of administration law,and how the administration decision related to the scientific uncertainty conducts its legal control through judical scrunity is in the difficult region of balance,and growth and decline of judicature and administration. The judical practice of US Federal Court shows,the highly professional administrative decision does not evitably lead to the whole withdrawal of the courts,nor does it require the court to scrutinize the scientific facts. The administration agency need to admit the administrave decision is made in the existence of scientific uncertainty,and the different uncertainties have been fully discussed before the decision,which helps to gain more judical respects. This approach not only promotes the rationality of the agency,but also enhances an ongoing dialog among the agencies,courts and the scientific community,and the steady development of scientific researches.