民国时期中美图书馆交流史序说:研究综述、理论基础与历史分期

An Introduction to the History of the Library Communication Between China and the United States in the Republic of China Period:Literature Review, Knowledge Base and the Division of Historical Periods

民国时期的中美图书馆交流史不仅是理解中国图书馆与图书馆学缘起的重要议题,在回应图书馆领域史学研究的"双重困境"方面,也具有其特殊的价值。梳理民国时期中美图书馆交流史的相关文献和研究主题发现,本课题难点在于庞杂的线索、社群与诸多政治、经济因素的介入等。由此,本研究吸收"世界体系理论""书籍交流圈"等跨学科的思想和方法,提出一个由宏观、中观和微观三个层次组成的理论视角,并阐述这一理论视角如何转化为具体的研究方法,以提高学界对民国时期中美图书馆交流史研究的整体理解和把控能力。研究发现,"专业交往"到"文化外交"的视角渐变是民国时期中美图书馆交流的核心轴线,以此可以将这段历史分为四个时期,帮助我们把握不同时期的交往脉络、主要成就和基本特点。

The history of library communication between China and the United States in the Republic of China period is an important topic for understanding the origin of China＇s librarianship and Library Science. It also may be of particular value in dealing with the poverty of history research in Library Science. As a study focusing on the big picture, the article collects and analyzes related literatures and divides them into different topics including： 1） America＇s influence on the Library Science and librarianship of China; 2） China＇s influence on the Library Science and librarianship of the United States; 3） Sino-American library communication on the perspective of cultural diplomacy; 4） Research on significant figures; 5） Other relevant research. On the foundation of literature review, the author points out that the difficulties of this study mainly come from the complicated clues, the numerous figures and many other unexpected macro factors involved in the historical facts. It＇s necessary to bring up a suitable analytical frame and theoretical basis for further research. In the paper, the World-system Theory of Immanuel Wallerstein and the concept of communications circuit developed by Robert Darnton, along with other theories and concepts from different disciplines, are brought into the research of library communication between China and the United States, to constructa three-layer theoretical perspective. In the meantime,fundamental concepts such as ＂American Library Mode＂, ＂Library Communication＂ ＂Cultural Diplomacy＂ and ＂Professional Activity＂ are also discussed and defined. Guided by the theoretical perspective, at the last part, the history of the Sino-American library communication is divided into four phases. 1） Before the establishment of the Library Association of China in 1925. It＇s a phase when American library model gradually accepted by Chinese. 2） From 1925 to 1937, the year when Anti-Japanese War broke out, a phase when communication activities dominated by professional power,especially the trained librarians from both countries.3） From 1937 to the beginning of 1943, there sees the transition from professional activities to cultural diplomacy in the library communication between China and the United States, especially after 1941, when the Division of Cultural Relationship（ DCR） of the U. S.Department of State starts to focus on Asia. 4） From 1943 to 1949. It＇ s a phase begins with Memo： SinoAmerican Intellectual Relations, drafted by Yuan Tung-li and John K. Fairbank, which offers a model of cultural and library activities for the United States. Following the memo and guidance of DCR, ALA develops its China Projects. However, under the shadow of war and the ever-changing Sino-American relation, the China Projects only succeeds in limited fields such as book exchange and donation.