海洋微塑料污染研究进展

Progresses in the Studies on Oceanic Microplastic Pollution

微塑料是海洋中一类重要的污染物,海洋微塑料污染已引起全球关注。根据目前的研究成果和研究热点,本文探索了将海洋微塑料从来源、材料、形状、颜色、大小、密度和状态7个方面进行了分类,综述了海洋微塑料在海水、沉积物和生物中的分布特征、相互迁移及影响因素,污染源、环境条件和微塑料本身的特征对其分布的影响最大,迁移使得微塑料在海洋环境中普遍存在,并且已经对海洋生物的代谢、生存和繁殖都构成了威胁。未来应对微塑料的分类、采样和测定进行统一规范;重点关注100μm以下的微塑料,发展微塑料定量和鉴别的新方法;在此基础上逐步建立起微塑料的动力模型和生态风险评价模型;探索海洋微塑料污染的应对方法。

Microplastic is a kind of widely documented marine pollutant, which has aroused global concerns. According to the current research results and hotspots, the classification of marine microplastic from source, material, shape, color, size, density and state is explored. Here in this paper, the distribution, migration and the influencing factors of microplastic in seawater, sediment and organism were summarized. The influencing factors included sources, environmental conditions and characteristics of microplastic itself. Microplastic has widely existed in ocean environment mainly because of migration as was understood at present： It has been threatening the metabolism, survival and reproduction of organisms. Future researches should focus on establishing unified standards of classification, sampling and measuring of microplastic; developing quantifying and identifying methods of microplastic; creating dynamic models and ecological risk assessing models; and developing measures of solving marine microplastic pollution.