清代永定河下游与白洋淀的农业及其环境效应

The Agriculture and Its Environmental Effects in the Lower Reaches of Yongding River and Baiyangdian Lake in Qing Dynasty

清代永定河,自卢沟桥以下,东淀(三角淀)、西淀(白洋淀)以上,称一水一麦之地。永定河带来的泥沙能淤地,增加土壤肥力,秋麦有收,当地人称为铺金地,淤地是永定河水利的特点。又,自康熙三十七年修筑永定河大堤后,下口淤积,至乾隆末年又经历五次改道,所过必淤,导致下游东安、永清、武清、霸州诸河淀,淤积成陆,出现河淤地、河淀淤地等。直隶旗民占种偷垦河淀淤地滩地,种植小麦、水稻和蓝靛等,这不仅解决农户生活,而且增加官府租银收入。可是经济发展和村民居住,严重地侵害河淀蓄水和河道行洪的能力,给环境带来问题。

Yongding river in Qing dynasty, from Marco Polo Bridge to Dian pool, was called the land of flood and wheat. The deposition of sediments from Yongding river increased soil fertility and brougt the harvest of autumn wheat. The river silt was called the Gold ground by local people, and it also was the feature of Yongding River＇s water project. In addition, since the 37th year of Kangxi period, after the dam of Yongding river built, the sediment deposited in lower reaches. It had experienced five times divisions at the end of Qianlong period. Everywhere the river flowed through deposited, it caused the lakes in lower areas（ such as Dongan,Yongqing, Wuqing and so on） deposited into flat land and fertile soil, river silt and lake silt appearing. The Manchu people in Zhili province occupied and cultivated the land illegally. They made use of the fields to plant wheat, rice, blue indigotin and so on, which not only solve the livelihood of farmers, but also increase the government rent income. But the economic development and the villagers living, seriously damaged to the ability of lakes saving water and the flood-carry capacity of the river, also brought environment problems.