集序写作的“认题”与“立意”——以钱谦益集序为例

Subject recognition and conception establishment in preface writing: Taking Qian Qianyi's preface writings as an example

钱谦益的很多文学批评理论都经由集序阐发。钱谦益集序是如何构思的?在行文中又如何引入和安排自己的文学批评主张?这些问题与古代文章学理论中的"认题"与"立意"相关。集序的开篇"认题"确立集序下笔"如何写",谋篇"立意"确定"写什么",一篇之中,二者往往与集序所承载的文学批评主张直接相关。以"认题""立意"推导钱谦益集序写作的思路,不仅可以对钱谦益经由集序阐发的文学批评理论有深入认识,而且可以通过个案还原明清之际集序程式化写作的态势。

Many literary critical theories by Qian Qianyi are explained through the collection of his preface writings. The issues how Qian Qianyi＇s preface writings are conceived and how he introduces and arranges his literary critical ideas in his preface writings are related to ＂subject recognition＂ and ＂conception establishment＂ in the ancient writings and literary theories of our country. At the beginning of the preface, ＂subject recognition＂ sets how to write upon starting the preface, while ＂conception establishment＂ determines what to write on. Therefore, of an article, the above two tend to involve directly the literary critical ideas that the preface embodies. Thus, deducing Qian Qianyi＇s preface writing thread from his ＂subject recognition＂ and ＂conception establishment＂ can offer not only a deep understanding of Qian Qianyi＇s literary critical theories interpreted from the collection of his prefaces, but also a case study of restoring the original state of the stylized preface writing method at the turn of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.