清入关前“火器营”献疑

Queries on Researches of the Firearms Battalion in the Early Period of the Qing Dynasty

皇太极汲取宁远战败的教训,重新为金军配备火器。天聪三年(1629年),远征华北的金军中就包括一批"炮手",亦称"炮兵",满文写作poo sindara niyalma或poo i cooha,又名"八固山充为炮兵之人",满文作jakun gūsai poo i coohai niyalma,是专操火器之兵。这些火器手皆由八固山抽调而来,包括女真人、汉人。金军火器手虽然在战时一同住宿、出征,但并未独立成军,更无"火器营"的编制。金国在重组汉军前便成立"火器营"的误说,源于部分汉文文献的臆造。

Hung Taiji,the khan of Houjin dynasty,re-equipped the firearms for his army based on military lessons from the failure of the Ning Yuan battle. In 1629,the Northern China under the Ming dynasty was attacked by Hungtaiji＇s army including a group of ＂gunners＂（Ma. poo sindara niyalma） or ＂artillery＂（Ma. poo i cooha）,also known as ＂artillery from eight banners＂（Ma. jakun gūsai poo i coohai niyalma） recorded in the archives of Manchu language. Actually they were soldiers specially for operating the firearms. Those infantry equipped with firearms including Jurchen and Chinese people were all drawn from eight banners. Although they were accommodated and set off together during the war,they did not become independent troops because there was no establishment of a ＂firearms battalion＂. The misconception about the ＂Firearms Battalion＂ established in the Houjin dynasty before the foundation of the Chinese army（Ma. Ujen cooha） was due to the fabrication of some documents of Chinese language.