北方游牧民族的膳食选择——以元代饮食记载食羊为例

The Diet of the Northern Nomads——eating sheep in the Yuan Dynasty

任何民族的或地域的饮食结构初型都离不开地理环境因素,诸如气候、植被、地形地貌、土壤性质、山川河流、动植物资源等等。受地理环境影响,蒙古高原千百年来以游牧为主要经济形态。游牧经济结构中,形成以肉乳为主的饮食结构,与农耕民族米麦饮食结构旨趣迥异,其中羊肉成为马背民族基本主食。怎样理解这种饮食结构,并充分认识羊只在游牧经济结构中的作用?本文试图通过解读元代文献,勾勒中世纪蒙古人饮食特点,进而理解其饮食结构与游牧经济的关联性。

At the beginning of any national or regional diet structure type is based on a geographic environment,such as climate,vegetation,topography,soil properties,mountains and rivers,animal and plant resources,and so on.Influenced by geography,the Mongolian plateau has developed the nomadic into the dominant economic form for thousands of years.In nomad economic structure,its diet structure is based on meat and milk,very different from that of rice and wheat.Among them,mutton became the basic staple food of the horseman.How do we understand this diet structure and fully understand the role of sheep in the nomadic economic structure?This paper attempts to understand the characteristics of the Mongolian diet in the middle ages by reading the literatures of the Yuan Dynasty,and then understand the relationship between the diet structure and the nomad economy.