清末民初武术转型的内在诉求和当代的启示

The Inner Demands and Contemporary Enlightenment of the Transformation of Wushu in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

清末民初是中国武术发展史上重要的转折期,该时期的武术在中西文化交汇、更替中被赋予了各种使命与价值,其顽强的生命力为现代武术的发展奠定了基础。文章将采用三时段理论解析清末民初武术转型的历史事实,剖析清末民初武术在适应当时社会需求过程中所发生的从单一军事功能向多元化功能的转型,以及其内涵与外延、思维方式与形式表达等内在自省的行迹。这种转型和内在诉求的过程,使清末民初武术得到了前所未有的发展,其社会地位得到了提高。鉴于清末民初武术转型的经验,启示当代武术工作者们应从变革武术的传承方式、形成武术的健身标准化体系、完善武术的制己修身功能和强化武术的传播功能等方面来寻求武术全新的发展方向。

The late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic period is an important transition period in the development history of Chinese martial arts. Chinese martial arts of this period have been given various functions and values during the integration and development of Chinese and Western culture, which have laid the foundation for evolution of modern martial arts. This article employed the Three Times theory to illustrate the history background of martial arts transformation during the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic period, analyzed the cause of that transformation from single military functions to diversified functions and describe the performance of martial arts transformation including its modality, connotation, extension and self- cultivation. The social requirement and self- cultivation of Chinese martial arts promoted its development and social status during the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic period. Based on the experience of martial arts transformation during the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic period, the contemporary workers of martial arts should explore new directions of martial arts development in several ways, such as the evolution of inheritance way, the formation of standardization system for fitness, the improvement of self-cultivation functions, the emphasis of communication functions and so on.