从典当到小额质押贷款营业所:1949—1966年上海典当业的变迁

From Pawnshop to Small Mortgage Loan Institution:The Changes of Shanghai Pawnbroking in the 1949-1966

典当业以物质钱,是调剂平民经济的传统金融机构。上海解放后,失业贫苦市民数量较多,他们普遍依赖典当借贷度日。有鉴于此,人民政府允许典当业存在,并从利息、资金两个方面对其加强管理,使之符合新社会的要求。随着经济的复苏和社会主义改造的推进,典当业"基本取缔"的政策最终确立。1956年上海私营典当业被改造为小额质押贷款营业所,成为向上海贫困市民提供临时低息生活贷款的服务机构。从"当"到"贷"发生了许多变化,但小额质押贷款营业所如同旧典当一样为上海市民所称便。小额质押贷款营业所不仅是人民政权对传统金融行业进行社会主义改造的必然结果,也与近代以来各地"公典"制度的设计和实践一脉相承。

Pawnbroking, offering secured loans to people with items of personal property used as collateral, was a traditional financial institution that adjusts the economy of the civilian population. After the liberation of Shanghai, the number of poor and unemployed citizens was large, and they generally relied on pawn loans to survive. In view of this, the people＇s government allowed the pawnbroking to exist, and focuses on controlling interest and capital in the pawnbroking, so that it could meet the expectations of the new society. With the recovery of the economy and the promotion of socialist transformation, the policy of ＂basically eliminating＂ in the pawnbroking had been finally established. In 1956, private pawnshops were transformed into small mortgage loan institutions to provide temporary low-interest living loans to poor citizens in Shanghai. A lot of changes took place from ＂pawn＂ to ＂loan＂ , but for the citizens of Shanghai, small mortgage loan institutions were as convenient as the old pawnshop. The small mortgage loan institution was not only the inevitable result of the Chinese Communist Party＇s socialist transformation of the traditional financial industry, but also closely connected to the ＂charity pawnshop＂ system in modern China.