晚明中国与西属菲律宾的贸易规模及历史走向--基于“货物税”(almojarifazgo)文献的数据分析

The Trade between China and the Philippines,1591-1644:An Analysis on the Almojarifazgo Data

16世纪70年代以后,中国与西属菲律宾的海上贸易迅速兴起,中菲航线随之成为美洲白银输入中国的最主要渠道。伴随交易额的递增,马尼拉当局在1581年开始向中国商船征收一定比例的"货物税"。虽几经变革,但直到明代终结,货物税制度仍得到有效施行。因而通过对勘分析不断发现的档案材料,就可以较为完整地统计出历年的货物税数额,澄清晚明中菲贸易发展的历史走向和货物总值,进而估算经此输入中国的美洲白银数量。

With its opening in the 1570s, the trade between China and the Philippines began to grow speedily, and a large number of silver flowed from the newfound America into China. In order to gain more profits from this trade, Governor of Philippines Gonzalo Ronquillo de Penalosa carried out the new customs policy known as almojarifazgo in 1581. This new tax policy had been well implemented through the next several decades thought there were some changes of the tax rates. Based on an analysis of almojarifazgo data stored by AGI, the aim of the present research was to examine annual scale and historical development of this trade from 1591 to 1644. The total amount of American silver flowing into China could also be reestimated.