争夺运河之利:明代瓜洲闸坝兴替与漕运制度改革

Struggling for Benefits from the Grand Canal:The Drocess and Influences of Building Locks in Guazhou and Reformations of Grain Tribute System(1368—1644)

明代前中期漕粮运输方式发生了多次改变,至宣德年间,实行兑运法,瓜洲开始成为兑运江南漕粮的重要水次。成化年间,江南地区推行长运法,交兑水次地点由瓜洲南移到了江南州县水次,运军开始面临过江问题,运军往往需要"雇船盘坝"过江。隆庆年间瓜洲闸坝经历了一番更替,在瓜洲盘坝和过闸是运军过江的两种方式。隆庆六年瓜洲建闸,看似细微的变化实际上对明代漕运制度及国家财政产生了一系列重要影响,不仅是理解长运法改革在江南地区的推行的关键,更是理解漕运制度运作以及明代中后期工部运河费用体系的重要面向,也体现出了不同群体对于运河利益的争夺。

There were several times of reformations of grain tribute system in early and middle Ming Dynasty.Guazhou didn＇t become an important site of transporting grain until＂Duiyun＂was implemented in the Xuande period.The procession of ＂ Changyun＂ made the waterside granaries of handing over and transporting grains move south.From then on,the tribute grain transportation troops began to face the problem of crossing Yangtze River.Grain boats and merchant ships had two options that was＂panba＂or go through locks across the Yangtze River.In 1572,the Guanhui Lock and Tonghui Lock were built at Guazhou.This project was ignored by previous research.In fact,it had profound influences on canal-grain transport system and the fiscal system of Ming Dynasty.It helped us to understand the implementation of＂Changyun＂in the south Yangzi River area and the fiscal system of the Ministry of Works.The practice and determination of the Grand Canal hydraulic engineering was not only affected by environmental factors,but also by the struggle for resources along the Grand Canal by various powers from both the government and local society.It reflected the operation links of grain tribute system profoundly.