基于区块链的地学大数据管理

Research on data management of big-geodata blockchain

随着地理观测技术、计算机网络和地理信息系统、社会调查统计的迅速发展,具有空间位置的自然环境数据正在急剧增长,上升到大数据级别。而传统的数据库已经无法满足现有地学大数据的规模和增长速度。在资源访问方面,人们更加担心数据安全与隐私保护问题。由于数据交易的双方和交易中介都是互不信任的,这显然不利于数据的共享与流通,将阻碍地学大数据产业的发展。常用地学数据管理系统主要由单一机构进行维护管理,在多方用户参与的情形下,由于无法信任数据库中的数据,每一方用户都需要一个专用数据库,这样不同数据库之间数据的差异将产生繁琐的争议。区块链的到来却给这一问题的解决带来了希望,区块链技术实现了不完全可信网络环境中的可信数据管理,具有去中心化、防篡改、不可抵赖、完整性等特性,从而为解决目前依靠中心或第三方机构存在的高成本低效率和信息安全问题提供了切实的方法。本文从区块链的共识机制、智能合约、身份验证、数据溯源等方面进行阐述,并重点分析区块链如何解决流通和共享数据的问题,让地学大数据真正得以广泛应用。

With the rapid development of the technology of geographical observation, computer networks, geographic information system and social survey, the environmental data with spatial location has been growing day by day, and now has reached the level of big-geodata. However, the traditional database cannot meet the scale and growth rate of existing geoscience data. In terms of resource access, people concern about data security and privacy protection. Because both sides of data transaction and transaction intermediary mutually distrust cach other, it is obviously not conductive to the sharing and circulation of data, which will hinder the development of the big data industry. Geological data management system is mainly composed of a single agency for maintenance and management. When it is used by various users, they are unable to trust the data in the database and each user needs a dedicated database. But, the arrival of the blockchain has brought hope to this problem, as the technology of blockchain achieves trusted data management in not fully trusted comoutation environments. It has the advantage of decentralization, immutability, strong consistency, and integrity, which provides a practical method to the problem of poor performance of high latency and low throughput depending on the center or the third party. This paper analyzed several aspects, such as consensus mechanism, smart contracts, data provenance and focused on analyzing how the blockchain solve the problems of data transaction, making big-geodata applicable to a wide range of applications.