从墓园祭祀延续儒家“仁”道教化——兼谈马来西亚华人殡葬的礼仪传承

The Indoctrination of Ren Education in Cemeteries Exercises:A Discussion by the Examples of Malaysian Chinese Funerary Rites and Their Remembrance Exercises among the Traditional Cemeteries Ong,Seng Huat

按照儒家的实践，人们不仅是由殡葬到祭祀活动去调适与建构从节哀顺变到慎终追远的情感演变，所有个人也是通过各种周而复始的祭祀活动，内化与升华其眼前到内心代表整体文化与价值的一切，其过程发挥着维续纲常的神道设教作用。以马来西亚的马六甲与槟城为例，华人借由义冢的祭祀传统，凝聚社会认同，重建伦理纲常与传承文化意识，是有利于南洋华人得以在海外重构华人世界与延续华夏传统的原因之一。当代墓园作为公共空间，若能承担社会责任，传承公冢集文化、历史与社会教育祭祀传统，就有机会成全后人的文化传承、历史认同、人格提升，有利于和谐。如果从举殡到墓园都不能承担慎终追远的意义，起不了载体的作用，其氛围和空间缺乏延续相应于原来思想体系的祭祀传统，则已故者的家人亲属，无疑也可能陷入无从继承、扩展和创新民族文化资本的恶性循环。由此发展下去，被埋葬的将不止是个人，也可能会埋藏掉整体民族归属感，影响当地华人承先继后的前景。

According to the practices of Confucianism,people could moderate and manage their grief and emotions by proper funerary rites which will be follow up by various traditional remembrance activities and circularly festivals organized inside or outside of cemeteries.While an individual is socially surrounded by all these traditional activities,he or she is potentially imperceptible influence by a situation of internalization of knowledge and socialization by all the cardinal guides and constant virtues as specified in the traditional Chinese ethical code,gradually evolving and uplifting the sense of grief toward the realization of humane spirit,moral values and cultural identity.For example,Chinese in Malacca and Penang in Malaysia have reliance their historical"Cemeteries for Collective Righteousness"(义冢)and festivals,including relatedrituals,to reconstruction and sustain their traditional moral order as part of their vehicles of inheritance of cultural awareness for the social cohesion and identity in overseas context.The traditional Chinese"cemeteries for collective Righteousness"which are full of memories and practices of culture,history,social education and traditional religious,may also serve as the public spaces which will perform and response to the social obligation of cultural heritage,historical identity,personality upgrade and societal harmony.In other words,if the roles and atmosphere from funeral to the cemetery are not clear,or even deviated,lack of continuation corresponding to the origin of traditional ritual,from relatives and descendants of the deceased family to the whole of Chinese society may also difficult to inherit such cultural capital and be buried their sense of belonging.