社会偏好的伦理学分析与批判

An Analysis and Criticism of the Ethics Concerning Social Preference

社会偏好范畴既是一个经济学、心理学范畴,同时又是一个伦理学范畴。社会偏好是指个人关切他人福利和维护伦理规范的愿望、态度和情感,包括利他偏好、不平等厌恶偏好、互惠偏好。当今人们已建立起的验证人类三大典型社会偏好的模型,验证了许多规范伦理理论,主要是功利主义伦理、罗尔斯正义伦理和契约主义伦理、关怀伦理、乐观主义伦理。但在历史唯物主义看来,社会偏好是个人对社会关系的态度和选择,它体现在道德领域即为个人的道德偏好,它既是打上了理性印痕的情感,也是基于情感的理智。研究社会偏好,对于整个伦理学之内容的丰富、理论的拓展、方法的创新,都有突出的理论意义;对于个体道德人格尊严的培育、社会整体道德环境的优化和道德建设活动的更好开展,对于道德判断的合理性、准确性的提升和道德难题的有效化解,都有显著的现实意义。

The category of social preference is not only an economic and psychological category, but also an ethical one. Social preference refers to an individual＇ s wishes, attitudes and emotions in his concern for other people＇ s welfare and in his maintaining of ethical norms. It includes altruistic preference, inequality aversion preference, and reciprocity preference. Nowadays, three typical models have been established to w-rify the social preference of human beings, and these models have verified quite a lot of normative ethical theories, including utilitarian ethics, John Rawl＇ s justice ethics and contractual ethics, caring ethics and optimistic ethics. But in view of historical materialism, social preference is an individual＇ s attitude towards anti choice of social relationship, which is a personal moral preference reflected in the moral realm. It is emotion with reasonable imprint and rationality based on emotion. The study of social preference is of outstanding theoretical significance for enriching the contents, expanding the theories and innovating the methods of ethics as a whole. The study of social preference is of great practical significance for cultivating individual moral personality and dignity, optimizing the overall environment of social morality, enhancing moral construction activities, improving the rationality and accuracy of moral judgment, and addressing moral problems effectively.