文化资本化视角下“非遗”的表述与重构--以丽江纳西刺绣为例

Interpretation and Reconstruction of Intangible Cultural Heritage from the Perspective of Culture Capitalization: A Case Study Based on Naxi Embroidery

旅游发展背景下,民族文化作为"遗产",被政府、文化持有者、外来者等不同主体表述和开发利用。在文化资本化的大潮中,遗产已成为经济、社会和政治利益的中介。由于不同主体之间的激烈争夺,地方性遗产的归属与表述并不比世界遗产明确。外来经营者迎合了地方政府对地方文化表征塑造的需求,因而得到地方政府的支持,成为纳西刺绣的"代言人"。文化持有者本应具有更强的合法性,却由于客观能力的不足,在遗产的归属与表述中处于弱势。在遗产工业大行其道的当下,遗产的开发利用更应从"文化持有者的内部眼界"出发。

In tourism development,ethnic culture as a heritage has been interpreted and utilized by different stakeholders such as governments, native culture bearers and non-native cultural operators. In the rising tide of culture capitalization,heritage has become the medium of economic,social and political benefits. Due to the intense competition among the different stakeholders,the ownership and interpretation of local heritage have become no more definite than those of world heritage.Catering to the need of the local governments for shaping local cultural representations,non-native cultural operators have won the support of local governments and even become the ＂spokesman＂for Naxi embroidery. However,the locals,who should have been the more legitimate owners and interpreters of the heritage,have been put at a disadvantage for their weak discursive power. As the heritage industry is gaining momentum,cultural heritage should be utilized even more from the perspective of culture bearers.