民法典编纂中农村承包土地“三权分置”的法理构造

The Jurisprudence of the “Separation of Three-Rights” of Contracted Land in Rural China in the Codification of Civil Law

以促进农村土地顺畅流转、构建新型农业经营体系为目的的"三权分置"农地改革政策提出伊始,即在法学界产生很大争议,这一政策的贯彻执行必须要有法理上可行的制度安排作保证。文章在分析论证的基础上提出我国农村土地集体所有为总有关系,土地承包经营权是农民依约行使集体土地所有权的方式,法律性质为"类所有权"。"三权分置"的农地制度创新应当以土地承包经营权为母权利设定具有用益物权性质的土地经营权进行流转,而受成员身份限制的土地承包权作为土地承包经营权的相关权能继续保留在农民手中,这样既实现农地的有效流转又使农民不因流转而失去土地的社会保障功能。

The＂separation of three-rights＂which aims to smooth the circulation of farm-land and construction of the new type of agricultural management system has given rise to many theoretical disputes.The system arrangement which conforms to the legal principle must be established to ensure the enforcement of this policy.Based on the analysis,it is held in this paper that the farm-land collective ownership is a joint ownership;therefore,the land contracted management right is a contracted method to exercise the collective ownership,which is,in nature,aquasi-proprietary.The legal innovation of farm-land should create land management right from the land contracted management right to meet the demand of circulation,but the land contract right confined to membership still remain in the hands of the farmer.This not only effectively circulated the farm-land,but also prevented farmers from losing their land because of circulation,as a social security function.