类型学视角下的“自己”义形式和功能

Forms and Meanings of self: Perspectives from Linguistic Typology

以往的研究大多把汉语普通话的"自己"或其它语言中的"自己",定义为"反身代词"或"反身照应语",并在各自理论框架内进行演绎推理。与之不同,本文借助类型学"框架中立"的思想,对跨语言中"自己"义的形式和功能多样性进行考察。我们发现不仅汉语普通话的"自己"呈现多样性分布的格局,世界语言的同类形式也是类型各异,存在个性色彩的形义匹配模式。本文进一步把个体语言中"自己"义的形式和功能集合,称为"自己"义库藏,并通过"库藏结构"的分析法,对汉语普通话的"自己"进行刻画,展示该词汇内部形式和功能的关联对立关系及其层级架构体系,从而避免一些预设范畴给语言描写和比较所带来的困难。

Previous studies generally define Mandarin ziji or self-forms in other languages as ＂reflexive pronouns＂ or ＂reflexive anaphors＂, and within each theoretical framework, deductive reasoning is carried out. Based on the notion of being ＂framework-neutral＂ in linguistic typology, this paper explores the diversity of self-forms across languages. It is found that not only the functions of Mandarin ziji are not uniformly distributed, but are the types of self-forms across languages, all of which attest the very existence of language-particular patterns of forms ＆ meaning matches. One step further, this paper proposes that the set of self-forms and meanings within one language constitutes a self inventory, and by means of the ＂inventory structure＂ approach, it reveals the interworkings between the forms and meanings of ziji with a hierarchical structure. Such an approach is expected to avoid difficulties in language description and com- parison, which is typically caused by pre-established categories.