甲基硅氧烷对人体暴露途径的研究进展

Human exposure pathways of methylsiloxanes: A review of recent studies

由于有机硅产品的大量生产和使用,使得其中的甲基硅氧烷,都已在大气、水体、土壤及淤泥、沼气、生物体等环境样本、个人护理产品、食品、硅橡胶制品、以及人体样本中被广泛检出并引起关注.尤其以最常见的、具有环境持久性、生物富集性、易挥发性和生殖毒性的挥发性甲基硅氧烷(VMS),以及高聚合度的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为典型.本文概述了VMS和PDMS的定义、用途、毒性及法规标准,重点综述了近些年甲基硅氧烷在大气、个人护理产品、食品及经口接触的硅胶制品、医疗假体中的污染水平及其相应的对人体的呼吸暴露、皮肤接触暴露、经口暴露及体内植入暴露的研究进展.现有研究表明,甲基硅氧烷的最高暴露量从高到低依次是:医疗假体中其对人体组织的暴露、个人护理产品中其对人体的皮肤接触暴露(但皮肤渗透性低)、大气中其对人体的呼吸暴露、以及食品及经口接触硅胶制品中其对人体的经口暴露.此外,甲基硅氧烷的污染监控、多途径暴露的评估和健康风险评价还需要更深入地研究.

Due to the mass production and use of organic silicone,methylsiloxanes pollution has attracted increasing attention. Methylsiloxanes have been widely detected in air,water,soil,silt,biogas,organism and other environmental samples,as well as in personal care products（PCPs）,food,silicone rubber products and human tissue samples. Volatile methylsiloxanes（VMS） and polydimethylsiloxane（PDMS） are typical methylsiloxanes pollutants. The former is the most common pollutant with environmental persistence,bioaccumulation,volatility and reproductive toxicity; and the latter is with high degree of polymerization. The definitions,uses,toxicity and regulatory standards of VMS and PDMS were summarized in this paper. The paper focused on the pollution levels of methylsiloxanes in air,PCPs,food,oral contact silicone products and medical prostheses.The corresponding exposure pathways to the human body and skin,as well as oral exposure and in vivo implantation exposure were also reviewed. The existing studies have shown that,the order of the highest methylsiloxanes exposure level for different pathways from high to low is： human tissue exposure via medical prostheses,skin contact exposure via PCPs（with low skin permeability）,respiratory exposure in air,and oral exposure via food/oral contact silicone products. In addition,the environmental contamination of methylsiloxanes,multi-pathway exposure assessment and health risk assessment also require further in-depth study.