“国主”与“家主”的异化与统一——再论戊戌政变后光绪帝与慈禧太后之关系

Dominator of the Imperial Family and the Country: On the Relationship Between Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi after the 1898 Coup

在中国古代皇权制社会,实现对"皇家"与"国家"的稳定治理始终是最高统治者着力追求的终极目标。但这种"家国同治"的传统模式却因清末慈禧太后与光绪帝的权力关系和家庭角色而不得不改为"家国分治"。光绪帝作为"国主"在实现变法图强的过程中侵犯到了作为"家主"的慈禧太后的利益,为维护"家主"权威,在基于"家庭伦理"所产生的"政治伦理"的逻辑关系下,慈禧太后凭借出色的政治能力收归皇权,通过训政的方式又恢复了"家国同治"的统治模式。由此可见,"家国分治"和"家国同治"的转化既与清廷的政治传统有着密切关系,也与时局的变化有着密切关系。透过戊戌政变后光绪帝与慈禧太后之间的微妙关系,可管窥清末"国主"与"家主"异化与统一的过程。

The realization of stable domination of both the imperial family and the country had always been the ultimate goal of the supreme ruler in ancient imperial China. However, the traditional mode of ＂the imperial family and the country are under the same dominator＂ had to been changed into ＂under different dominators＂ because of the power relations and family roles of Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi in the late Qing dynasty. As the sovereign of the country, Emperor Guangxu violated the interests of Empress Dowager Cixi, the head of the family in the reform in 1898. In order to maintain the authority of the family head, based on the logical relationship between ＂family ethics＂ and ＂political ethics＂ Empress Dowager Cixi regained the imperial power with excellent political ability and restored the mode of ＂the imperial family and the country are under the same dominator＂ by way of political tutelage. Therefore, this conversion of dominative roles was closely related to the political tradition of the Qing dynasty and the change of situation.