贸易自由化如何影响企业出口关系的进入与退出?——基于企业微观层面数据的经验分析

The Impacts of Trade Liberalization on Entry and Exit of a Firm's Export Relationship:An Empirical Research Based on Micro-level Firm Data

近些年来,伴随着进口中间品关税的降低与贸易管制壁垒的削减等一系列中间品贸易自由化政策的实施,我国的中间品贸易和最终品贸易均获得了迅速的发展,由此贸易自由化如何影响企业出口行为成为一个亟待研究的问题。基于2000—2006年的中国工业企业数据库和海关数据库,关于中间品贸易自由化对中国企业出口关系进入退出的影响的经验研究发现:中间品贸易自由化促进了企业出口关系的进入,抑制了企业出口关系的退出;中间品贸易自由化对企业出口关系的影响因企业生产率水平、加工贸易份额以及企业所有制性质的不同而有所差异,表现为加工贸易份额越高、生产率越高的企业以及外资企业,中间品关税下降对出口关系进入退出的影响作用越强;贸易自由化的影响同时也因企业所处行业的要素密集度和竞争程度的不同而不同,表现为资本或技术密集型行业、竞争程度越小的行业,企业进口中间品关税下降对出口关系进入与退出的影响也越强。对影响机制的实证检验表明,中间品贸易自由化会通过提高进口中间品种类的多样化、提升进口中间品的质量和降低进口中间品的价格这三条途径对企业出口关系进入退出产生影响。这些研究结论意味着,扩大中间品贸易自由化的程度,对于促进我国企业出口贸易的发展和国际竞争力的提升具有重要意义。

In recent years,China＇s intermediate goods trade and final product trade developed rapidly along with the implementation of a series of policies on the liberalization of trade in intermediate goods,such as reducing intermediate inputs tariff and regulatory barriers.Therefore,how trade liberalization affects the export behavior of firms has become an urgent issue to discuss.This paper studies the effect of trade liberalization of intermediate inputs on the entry and the exit of firm＇s export relationships using Chinese firm-level data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China（NBSC）and Chinese customs data over the period of 2000—2006.The study shows that trade liberalization of intermediate inputs promotes the entry of export relationships and inhibits the exit of export relationships.The impact of trade liberalization varies with TFP,the share of processing trade,the enterprise＇s ownership as well as industry factor intensity and industry competition level.The results exhibit that when the TFP and processing trade share are higher,the enterprise ownership is foreign-funded,the firm belongs to the capital（technology）intensive industries or the less competitive industries,and the declining of import intermediate goods tariff will have a stronger impact on the entry and the exit of export-relations.The empirical test of the impact mechanism shows that the liberalization of trade of intermediate goods will affect the entry and exit of export relationships through the diversification of the imported intermediate inputs,the improvement of the quality of the imported intermediate inputs and the reduction of the price of the imported intermediate inputs.These research results imply that expanding the degree of liberalization of intermediate goods trade is of great significance to promote the development of Chinese firm＇s export trade and enhance their international competitiveness.