五台山旅游开发与植被景观相互影响的生态效应评价

Evaluation of the ecological effect of tourism development on vegetation landscapes in Mount Wutai

研究旅游对植被的影响对于景区生态管理具有重要的实践意义。从景观重要值(LIV)、物种多样性(SD)、群落结构比(PCS)、阴生种比值(NSP)、伴人种比值(PS)和旅游影响系数(TII)6个方面,构建了一套涉及4个层次、27个具体指标的评价体系,并结合五台山景区进行了实证分析。结果表明:(1)在不同方向上,随着距离的增加,旅游活动越来越少,植被景观依次由居民区、商业区或人工植被区向草本区、灌草区和乔灌草区的方向演替。相应地,LIV、SD、PCS、NSP和生态效应值(EIV)越来越大,PS和TII越来越小。(2)不同的植被类型,其景观特征明显不同。对于LIV、SD、PCS、NSP和EIV5个特征值的表征,草本区<灌草区<乔灌草区;至于PS和TII,草本区>灌草区>乔灌草区。旅游干扰下不同种群有不同的生物生态学特性,其中,青杨种群相对独特。(3)就整个台怀镇而言,旅游开发程度的空间格局是景点分布和地形因素共同作用的结果,植被景观对此有着明显的生态响应。不同方向上样地的数量就是旅游开发程度强弱的表征。正南和东北方向开发程度最强,其次是正北、东南和西南、正东方向,西北和正西方向最弱。(4)根据EIV,将整个区域分为四类区:Ⅰ类区为寺庙区、居民区和商业区,Ⅱ类区为草本区,Ⅲ类区是乔、灌、草的混合区,Ⅳ类区是乔灌草区。

Studying the impact of tourism on vegetation has an important practical significance for the ecological management of scenic spots. The evaluation system was constructed from landscape importance value （LIV）, species diversity （SD）, proportions in community structure （PCS）, negative species proportion （NSP）, proportion of species in close proximity to human beings (PS) , and tourism influencing index （TII） and was applied to Mount Wutai, which includes four layers and 27 specific indicators. It shows that (1) with an increase in distance in different directions, tourism activity decreases, and the vegetation landscape changes from residential, commercial, or artificial vegetation areas to an area of herbs, an area of the shrubs and herbs, and an area of trees, shrubs, and herb, in turn. Accordingly, LIV, SD, PCS, NSP, and ecological effect value （EIV） increase with distance, while PS and TII decrease. （2） The landscape characteristics of different vegetation types are obviously different. For the characteristic values of LIV, SD, PCS, NSP,and EIV, the area of herbs 〈 the area of shrubs and herbs 〈 the area of trees, shrubs, and herbs. As for the characteristic values of PS and TII, the area of herbs 〉 the area of shrubs and herbs 〉 the area of trees, shrubs, and herbs. Different populations have biological and ecological characteristics in responsing to tourism disturbance, in which Populus cathayana is relatively unique. （3） From Taihuai town, the spatial pattern of tourism development is the result of likeness between scenic spot distributions and topographic factors, and vegetation landscapes have obvious ecological responses. The number of samples in different directions indicates the degree of tourism development. The degree of development was the highest to the south and northeast; the second highest to the north, southeast, southwest, and east; and the lowest to the northwest and west of the town. （d） The whole region is divided into four areas by the EIV. Area I is the temple, residential, and commercial areas ; Area II is the area of herbs ; Area III is the mixture area of trees, shrubs, and herbs ; and Area IV is the coexistence area of trees, shrubs, and herbs.