西欧中世纪大学生学习及就业的历史考察

The Historical Review on Medieval University Students’Study and Graduation in Western Europe

本文主要对西欧中世纪大学生的学习过程和就业状况进行考察,期望从一个侧面认识转型时期西欧社会智识的发展状况。从总体上来看,中世纪的大学赋予了从古代继承下来的知识等级观念以制度形式,不仅系统地讲授了人文和自然科学知识,构建了新的学科体系,扩大了西欧整个社会的智能容量;还对学生进行了严格的逻辑分析训练,这些持续的学术训练培养了欧洲受教育阶层严密的逻辑思维和推理能力,从而为西欧的社会转型提供了人才的储备。通过对大学毕业生所学专业和就业状况的考察,可以发现中世纪大学毕业生就业选择的不唯一性,而这些社会精英的专业选择则影响了一个国家和社会学术发展的不同方向。

The paper focuses on the study of medieval university students＇ studying process and employment situation in Western Europe, in the hope of understanding the developments of academics and wisdom in Western Europe during the transition. As a whole, medieval universities endowed knowledge hierarchy inherited from ancient society institutional forms. Liberal arts and natural sciences were imparted systematically and new discipline systems were structured in medieval universities, thus the intelligent capacities were greatly enhanced in the whole society. University students received rigorous training on logical analysis, those continuous academic trainings contributed to developing European educated class＇ logical thinking and reasoning abilities, thus Western Europe obtained reserve of talents for its transition. From the investigation of university graduates＇ majors and employment, we found the employment options of medieval university graduates were various, and these social elites＇ major selections might deeply influenced the direction of academic development for the nation and society.