陕西明长城城堡初步研究

Preliminary Research of Military Garrisons along the Ming Great Wall in Shaanxi Province

本文以全国长城资源调查中发现的明长城延绥镇城堡资料为基础,分析了45座明长城城堡的保存情况与城堡遗迹的形制结构,并利用这批材料进一步分析了这些明长城城堡的选址特点,可分为:据山临水型、土塬型、河谷型、荒漠滩地型、周山环绕型、占据山头型;其平面形制特点可分为:规则平面城堡和不规则平面城堡;城堡的建筑格局具有古代城市建筑最基本特点,主要有一条或两条主要街道式、十字街道式、棋盘式三种类型。明代陕北以边墙为主的防御体系最终确立经历了明代初期卫所防御、明代中期城堡防御、长城防御三个阶段,在三个阶段中,城堡所起的作用各有不同。

This article presents the analytical results of 45 military garrisons affiliated with the Ming Great Wall in terms of their preservation and layout based on the Yansui garrison that was discovered during the national survey of the Great Walls. This paper divides the geographical locations of these garrisons into following types： hillside and river-adjacent type, losses plateau type, river valley type, desert type, hills surrounding type, and top hill type. The layouts of these garrisons can also be classified into following two basic categories： regular layout and irregular layout. The architecture layout of these garrisons also demonstrates basic features of ancient urban towns based on the street planning： one or two main streets, crossroads, and grids. These Ming garrison systems that were based primarily on the Great Wall experienced three developmental periods： early Ming weisuo （guard-battalion） system, middle Ming garrison system, and late Ming Great Wall system, Moreover, the garrison facilities played different roles during these three periods.