无公害人参氮肥精细化栽培关键技术研究

Key techniques for precision cultivation of nitrogenous fertilizer of pollution-free ginseng

无公害农田栽参是人参种植产业化发展的主要模式,氮肥精细化管理是人参无公害农田栽培技术体系的关键环节。为探究氮肥精细化管理对人参生长阶段生物量积累及次生代谢产物合成的影响,试验以两年生营养生长阶段人参为试材,分别施加氮质量浓度为0,10,20,40 mg·L^-1霍格兰氏培养液,观测叶色、茎粗、叶绿素含量等表性变化,测定光合速率动态变化,定量分析皂苷合成关键基因PgHMGR,PgSQE的时空表达量。结果表明,不同氮浓度处理下人参光合速率和叶绿素含量变化差异显著,根、茎和叶中PgHMGR,PgSQE基因相对表达量差异显著。氮质量浓度为20 mg·L^-1时,人参叶片净光合速率和叶绿素含量最大,叶片净光合速率随时间延长呈先上升后下降趋势。根中PgHMGR与PgSQE基因的相对表达量最高。推测适宜人参营养生长阶段的最适氮质量浓度为20 mg·L^-1（硝酸铵57.14 mg/株,纯氮量20 mg/株）,该浓度是人参的最适皂苷合成氮浓度。无公害人参氮肥精细化栽培关键技术研究有利于优质高效人参药材的生产,对减肥增效及环境友好型可持续生态人参种植产业发展提供科学依据。

Planting pollution-free farmland is the main mode of industrialization of ginseng cultivation,fine management of nitrogen fertilizer ginseng pollution-free farmland cultivation technology system is one of the key factors. In order to investigate the effect of nitrogenous fertilizer on the accumulation of ginseng biomass and saponins synthesis in vegetative growth stage,two-years-old ginsengs were used as test materials in this study. The test materials were cultivated by Hoagland medium with different nitrogen concentration（ 0,10,20,40 mg·L^-1） for 40 days. During the cultivation,photosynthetic rate was measured four times. After 40 days cultivation,chlorophyll content,stem diameter and the spatiotemporal expression of saponin synthesis related genes PgHMGR and PgSQE were tested. The results showed that there were significant differences in the photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content among different nitrogen concentrations. The relative expression level of PgHMGR gene and PgSQE gene in root,stem and leaves of ginseng were different.Ginseng seedlings cultivated by 20 mg·L^-1 nitrogen possess the highest photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content,while PgHMGR and PgSE showed the highest gene expression level. The optimal nitrogen concentration for the growth of 2-years-old ginseng might be 20 mg·L^-1 with 57. 14 g ammonium nitrate each plant or pure 20. 00 mg nitrogen each plant. It is concluded that this concentration is the most suitable concentration for the ginsenoside synthesis. Pollution-free ginseng with fine nitrogen fertilizer cultivation is conducive to the production of high quality and efficient ginseng medicinal materials. It lays a theoretical foundation for the rational fertilization and environment-friendly sustainable ecological ginseng planting industry.