重审现代政治思想史中的梁漱溟——思想困境及其当代启示

Reconsidering Liang Shuming in the History of Modern Political Philosophy: His Ideological Dilemma and the Contemporary Enlightenment

当代中国正在进行更深入全面的政治改革,这关键在于新政治习惯之养成,任重而道远,此时研究梁漱溟关于培养新政治习惯的思想极具现实意义。梁漱溟一生的事业几乎全部紧紧围绕"建国"问题展开,但其建国之路始终在两难之间徘徊,即独立于政权之理想与依附于政权之现实。就理论而言,梁漱溟对中西社会结构的认识过于笼统,对中西文化精神的理解过于片面;就现实而言,其社会政治实践多数尽归于失败。但这并不足以否定其思想之价值。当下的中国,无论在国家还是在社会层面,都要求建构新的市民社会,实现国家与社会的良性互动。而建国前,梁漱溟就一直守定社会立场,致力于自下而上的社会运动,这为当代市民社会建构提供了极有意义的借鉴。与同时代多数知识人相比,梁漱溟关于政治问题的诸多思考都立足于国情,以老中国为出发点,都是"中国式的",这些思考为面临诸多思想困境的当代中国提供了丰厚的理论资源。

Contemporary China has been undertaking thorough and comprehensive political reform.The key lies in the cultivation of the new political custom,which is very important and has a long way to go.Liang Shuming’s entire theoretical enterprise firmly centers on the problem of"state establishment".But his solution to this problem seems to fall in the paradox:independence from politics ideally versus attachment on politics in the real practice.Theoretically,Liang’s cognition of Chinese and Western social structure is excessively broad,and his understanding of Chinese and Western cultural spirit is one-sided.Practically,his social-political career ended by failure.But it doesn’t mean we can totally disavow his thought value.Now this exploration of Liang’s thinking about the cultivation of the new political custom has contemporary implication.At present,whatever the level,state or society,they both ask for constructing a new civil society and achieving the benign interaction between the state and the society.Before the state has been established,Liang had chosen and insisted on the social standpoints.He devoted himself to the social movement,which is from bottom to up.It can provide an extremely significant example for the construction of the civil society.Compare to most other intellectuals in his period,Liang’s thinking of political problem based on the situation of our country,and he takes"traditional China"as his starting point.Therefore his thinking is"Chinese style,"and provides rich theoretical resource for contemporary China to deal with so many thought predicaments.