可再生能源固定电价政策和可再生能源配额制比较分析及启示

Comparison and Enlightenment of FIT and RPS for Renewable Energy

固定电价政策（FIT）和可再生能源配额制（RPS）已走过近30年的历程,二者在实践中各有所长,也各有所短。通过大量的文献阅读,整合各学者观点,从政策制定、政策影响和政策效果角度对两种政策进行全面的对比分析。FIT与RPS在政策制定上各有特点,从而造成两种政策的影响和效果也存在很大差异。FIT下政府承担的财政负担远大于RPS,而企业承担的风险要小于RPS,从而更有利于可再生能源项目融资,有利于可再生能源企业的成长。FIT具有较强的稳定性,但缺乏持续性;而RPS稳定性较差,但具有可持续性。FIT有弱化市场垄断程度的趋势,而RPS有强化市场垄断程度的趋势。在其他一些方面,如在促进可再生能源种类间的相互竞争上,在促进可再生能源技术进步上,以及在实现发展目标的可能性、经济效率和社会福利方面,二者孰优孰劣,作用孰大孰小学术界还存在许多争议。但毋庸置疑的是,二者在促进可再生能源发展上都发挥了不可替代的作用。我国应根据不同种类可再生能源发展阶段的不同以及电力市场结构的发展,逐步完成由FIT向RPS的过渡。但从我国可再生能源的发展现状来看,现阶段仍应坚持以FIT为主、以RPS为辅的可再生能源激励政策框架。

Feed in Tariff（FIT） and Renewable Portfolio Standard（RPS）,both having their own advantages and disadvantages in practice,have gone through nearly three decades.Through reading a large number of literatures and integrating the viewpoints of scholars,this paper makes a comprehensive comparative analysis of FIT and RPS from the aspects of policy formulation,policy influence and policy effect.The different characteristics of FIT and RPS in policy formulation result in great differences in their influences and effects.Under FIT,the financial burden borne by the government is far greater while the risks borne by the enterprises are lower than that under RPS,so FIT is more beneficial to the financing of renewable energy projects and the growth of renewable energy enterprises.FIT has strong stability but lacks continuity,while RPS is less stable but sustainable.FIT has a tendency to weaken the market monopoly,while RPS has a tendency to strengthen the market monopoly.In some other respects such as the promotion of competition among various types of re-newable energy,the promotion of development of renewable energy technology,as well as the possibility of achieving development goals,the economic efficiency and the social welfare,there are still many disputes in academic circles about which policy is superior,but there is no doubt that both have played an irreplaceable role in promoting the development of renewable energy.China should gradually complete the transition from FIT to RPS according to the different development stages of different types of renewable energy and the de-velopment of power market structure.However,from the current situation of renewable energy development in China,at this stage,China should still adhere to the renewable energy incentive policy framework which is based on FIT and supplemented by RPS.