民生灾难与族群藩篱：元代漕粮海运及其社会后果的再思考

Social Livelihood and Ethnic Opposition:The Sea Transport of Tribute Rice and Its Ecological Effect in the Yuan Dynasty

元朝建立"旷古未有"的漕粮海运体制,选择海路将江南漕粮运往元帝国的大都城,供应军事帝国的财政开支与维持草原内陆的向心力,在中国海洋史上具有重大深远的影响,亦为元人视作本朝超越汉、唐的标志性政治成就。漕粮海运对于元帝国具有重大政治、经济意义,然却给东南沿海民众造成沉重的海运劳役,牺牲许多无辜百姓的生命。它改变南宋旧有的漕粮征收格局,造成江南地区"重赋"现象。海运体制中的严重待遇不公更使得江南与元廷之间形成严重的族群对立和冲突,最终使得漕粮海运体制在元末终结,留下"胡元暴虐、草菅民命"的历史记忆,以及"帝国亡于海"的历史昭鉴,至明清时期视海洋为畏途,使得中华民族探索利用海洋的进程从而遭受重大挫折。

The Yuan Dynasty created the grain transportation system that had never been seen in the past and regarded it as the iconic political achievement which go beyond the Han Dy- nasty and Tang Dynasty. The system, which transported the grain produced in Jiangnan to the capital--Dadu by sea to supply the military empire＇s expenses and keep the authority of the prairie empire, had a significant and far-reaching impact in the history of china oceans. For the Yuan Dy- nasty, the grain transportation system had a great political and economic significance, however, it brought heavy duty about sea shipping for the people in the Jiangnan and caused much people to lose their leaves. And the system also changed the old grain collection pattern of the Southern Song Dynasty and result in the heavy tax and heavy labor service in the Jiangnan area. The grain transportation tyranny led to the disaster of Jiangnan＇s livelihood disaster, and the unfair treat- ment also result in the serious ethnic opposition and conflict, which making the system end in the Yuan Dynasty. And the tyranny in the system also made the Yuan Dynasty leave a brutal histori- cal memory and a lesson that the Yuan Dynasty perished in the sea for the later dynasties. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were afraid of the sea, thus making a major setback of China in explo- ring and using sea.