章太炎儒術新詮中的近代學術嬗變

The Changes of Modern Chinese Academic Paradigm Observed Through New Interpretations of Confucianism By Zhang Taiyan

章太炎《儒術真論》將真儒術的本質界定爲"以天爲不明及無鬼神"。這一詮釋在理論與方法上是一個自洽的體系,並且以西方傳入中國的近代科學爲知識基礎。章氏一方面從墨家批儒記錄中落實界定真儒術的文獻依據,對儒墨之差異提出了獨到的分析,他試圖走出一條迥異於孫詒讓"本説經家法,箋釋諸子"的路子,强調治子乃"尋求義理"的"主觀之學",從而爲國學旁采遠西新學打開了空間。而另一方面,《儒術真論》的兩篇解説性附文《視天論》和《菌説》,經受斯賓塞進化學説、《談天》等西學影響,采納以牛頓定律爲基礎的新的宇宙、世界支配及運行原理,並將之作爲詮釋真儒術的知識支撑。章太炎儒術新詮,無論從科學革命導致"範式轉換"的普遍視角來審視,還是察之以中國傳統學術的自我調適以及西學東漸從明末到清末的複雜歷史軌迹,都折射出近代中國學術嬗變的某些動態圖景。

Based on Western modern science, Zhang Taiyan defined the essence of Confucianism as "no divine will and no ghosts"in his paper On the Truth of Confucianism,by which he constructed a logically consistent theoretic system. On the one hand,Zhang Taiyan provided his specific analysis on the differences between Confucianism and Mohism by using Mohist records about criticizing Confucianism as his grounds. In this way, he not only chose a different way as"searching for deep meaning"for studies on Pre-Qin philosophers compared with Sun Yirang's way as "semantic interpretation ",but also opened up possibilities for National Studies to learn from abroad. On the other hand,influenced by evolutionary theories of Herbert Spencer and Western scientific books such as "Outlines of Astronomy",Zhang used Newton's Laws as theoretic bases to construct a new world view in his On the Truth of Confucianism and other related papers. No matter observed from the universal perspective of the Scientific Revolution which led to paradigm changes,or from the history of Western learning spread to the East since Late Ming dynasty which propelled the inner revolution of Chinese thoughts, new interpretations of Confucianism by Zhang Taiyan could reflect many dynamics in the changes of modern Chinese academic paradigm.