宗教传统与历史情境中的德鲁兹派认同建构

The Construction of Druze Identity: Religious Traditions and Historical Contexts

德鲁兹派由什叶派伊斯玛仪支派演变而来,其信仰体系与宗教实践继承了中古时期伊斯兰宗教文化的丰富遗产。从中古至现代,逊尼派统治集团和宗教学者发布了大量针对德鲁兹派的敌意性宗教裁决,其部分原因是二者间的宗教文化差异与社会隔阂,而更为深刻的根源在于特定历史时期复杂的政治因素。进入现代以来,以沙基卜·艾尔斯兰、苏尔坦·艾特拉什、卡迈勒·琼布拉特为代表的德鲁兹派精英多次主动调整、重塑社群的自我认同,以适应因政治、社会、文化转型而带来的挑战。尽管德鲁兹精英的尝试未能克服教派面临的政治和社会困境,但从宗教、文化角度来看,这些尝试为根除中东地区教派主义的痼疾提供了重要启示。

The Druze community can be traced to Ismaili Shi’ism,whose belief system and religious practice inherit Islamic cultural heritage in the Middle Ages.Since then,the Sunni ruling groups and religious scholars have issued a large number of hostile religious rulings against the Druze,which was due partly to the religious-cultural differences and social cleavage,and especially the complex political factors in specific historical contexts.In the modern era,Druze elites,represented by Shakib Arslan,Sultan Atrash and Kamal Jumblatt,have repeatedly taken the initiative to reshape their Druze self-identity to meet the challenges brought by political,social and cultural transformations.Although Druze elites’efforts have not overcome the political and social dilemma they face,viewing from the religious and cultural perspectives,their attempts have provided valuable insights for the eradication of sectarianism in the Middle East.