中国文学史上的“主客”意识与实践形态

The Consciousness of "Subject and Object" and Its Practice in the History of Chinese Literature

"主客"这一术语出自唐末张为的《诗人主客图》,所谓"主",指的是流派盟主,所谓"客",指的是流派中的追随者。"主客"意识是流派意识的集中表现。宋元明清尤其是宋明两朝是中国古代文学流派发展的鼎盛时期,黄庭坚、李梦阳等代表人物,各以其不同的实践形态推进了其流派事业。黄庭坚一方面开创了迥异于苏轼诗的创作法门,另一方面具有明确的人格表率意识,有效地促进了流派事业的兴盛。而明代的李梦阳、李攀龙,则以其高自位置、"大家情结"、国士风范提升了流派品格,拓展了流派生存空间,当然也招致了清人的反弹。其实践形态有异,因而具有不同的典范意义。

The term ＂subject＂ refers to the leader of a school and ＂object＂ the followers as defined by poet Zhang Wei towards the end of the Tang Dynasty. The consciousness of ＂subject and object＂ is the concentrated expression of the school consciousness. In the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in the Song and Ming Dynasties were the heyday of the development of Chinese ancient literary genres. Huang Tingjian, Li Mengyang and others promoted their genre career with their different practice forms. Huang Tingjian created a new way of creation quite different from Su Shi＇s poetry. On the other hand, his sense of personality promoted effectively the prosperity of schools. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Mengyang and Li Panlong, with their high ideals, ＂general complex＂, and the style of national scholars, enhanced highly the genre, expanded the genre space, and also invited criticisms. Their different practical forms have different exemplary meanings.