冲突与调适:缅甸土地改革与土地政策

Conflict and Adjustment:The Land Reform and Land Policy of Myanmar from 2011 to 2017

2011年以来的缅甸土地改革与土地政策经历了一个冲突和调适的过程。土地法律法规的混乱和招商引资的需求,促使吴登盛政府通过了《农地法》等四个有关土地的法令,使缅甸土地管理逐步走向法制化,但由于在土地立法、改革、征用过程中未处理好相关问题与矛盾,缅甸土地改革面临许多困境。吴登盛政府后期,尤其是2016年3月民盟执政以来,缅甸对土地政策作出重大调整。2016年1月颁布的《国家土地使用政策》充分关注农民利益,尊重少数民族地区的土地使用习惯。民盟政府允许农民自由经营土地,并将原来被政府征用的一些土地归还农民,但仍未完全缓解因地权问题引发的紧张局势。民盟政府急需制定并颁行《国家土地法》,以破解缅甸土地改革和土地政策面临的困局。

The land reform and land policy of M yanmar since 2011 w ent through a process of conflict and adjustment. Because of the chaotic situation of land legislation and demand of investment and capital introduction,Thein Sein government passed four acts related to land such as Farmland Act w hich took a significant step of land management legalization in Burma. But M yanmar still faces many difficulties in land reform due to failure to deal w ith relevant issues and contradictions in the process of land legislation,land reform and land acquisition. In the later stage of Thein Sein government,M yanmar has made major adjustments to land legislation and land policies,especially since the National League of Democracy came to pow er in M arch 2016. National Land Use Policy issued in January 2016 fully focused on farmers' interests and recognized customary land use in minority areas. NLD government allow ed farmers to use land freely and returned some land that had been expropriated by the government to farmers,but it did not fully ease tensions over land rights. NLD government urgently needs to develop and issue National Land Law to solve the difficulties of land reform and land policy faced by M yanmar.