蜜蜂属的分类方法研究进展

Progress of the Method of Species Taxonomy for the Genus Apis

【目的】梳理应用较为广泛的蜜蜂分类方法,为今后蜜蜂属(Apis)的分类学研究工作提供参考。【方法】在Pubmed和CNKI中检索注蜜蜂分类方法相关文献,对检索到的文献进行归纳与总结,获得蜜蜂属主要的分类学方法及分类法研究进展。【结果】蜜蜂属的分类方法主要包括蜜蜂形态测定分类法、同工酶多态性分析法、分子遗传标记法和蜜蜂数量分类法。蜜蜂形态学分类法仍然是蜜蜂分类研究最基础的方法,新发展的分类方法能够对形态学分析进行补充,从而得到更准确的分类结果。但逐渐流行的分子鉴定分类法仍存在一定不足,如:RFLP法难以获得显示基因组DNA多态性的探针;多拷贝的微卫星DNA不能跟踪分离群体中个体基因组的同源区域;显性的RAPD标记不能区分动物的纯合体与杂合体等。【结论】蜜蜂属分类研究方法随着分子生物学技术的发展而逐渐丰富。通过建立多方法组合、筛选单独或多种分子标记技术、构建自动化分子标记法等增加分类准确性和简化实验操作,将是今后蜜蜂属分类工作的研究重点。

[Purposes]In order to provide references for the taxonomic work of the genus Apis,the methods used for classification of the genus Apis were reviewed. [Methods] Research papers were obtained from Pubmed website or CNKI database and the present research situation and the research progress of the main classification methods Apis were analyzed by summarizing and refining the retrieved literatures.[Findings]Four aspects,including determination of bees form,analysis on polymorphism of isoenzyme,molecular genetic markers and numerical taxonomy,were detailed summarized and found that determination of bees form is still the most basic method of bee classification research. The new development of the classification methods can be added to the morphological analysis,resulting in more accurate classification results. However,several shortcomings were also found in the new molecular classification method. For example,RFLP,which was difficult to obtain the probe for showing the polymorphism of genomic DNA. Multiple copies of microsatellite DNA could not track homologous regions of individual genomes in segregating populations. The homozygote and heterozygote could not be distinguished by dominant RAPD markers. [Conclusions] With the development of molecular biology techniques,the taxonomy research methods of Apis are becoming more and more abundant. The classification accuracy could be improved by establishing a combination of multiple methods and screening individual or multiple molecular markers. Simplifying the experimental operations could be realized using automated molecular marker analysis method.All the above would become the emphases for honeybee taxonomy research.