集体互助与妇女解放——北京地区街道托幼机构的兴起(1954-1957)

Collective Mutual Assistance and Woman's Liberation:The Rise of Sub-District Childcare Institutions in Beijing(1954-1957)

中华人民共和国成立后,随着大量妇女参与到社会劳动当中,实现婴幼儿照料的社会化,以平衡劳动妇女参加社会劳动与家务劳动之间的冲突,成为迫切的需要。受制于"高积累-低消费"的国家发展战略和中央财政的拮据,国家无法有效满足所有人的需求,因而倡导各单位自办幼儿园。在公立市政幼儿园、单位附属幼儿园之外,街道托幼机构在20世纪50年代中期发展为一种婴幼儿照料社会化的重要方式。街道托幼机构的性质是一种集体福利事业,依托邻里互助的传统人情伦理,结合新培育的集体主义互助精神,由街道群众自办、自管、自用。文章试图呈现1954-1957年北京地区街道托幼机构的兴起及运行实践,分析其管理体制、建设原则及低成本运行的特征,从经济、政治、社会、个人角度分析其历史价值以及对当下的现实意义。

Upon the establishment of People＇s Republic of China, while women＇s labour force participation went up, the need for childcare to balance women＇s paid work and domestic work became a pressing issue. The government encouraged each work unit to set up childcare as it could not meet the social welfare needs due to the state development strategy of＂high savings and low consumption＇and the shortage of central government＇s financial restraints. Apart from the public kindergartens set up by the city government and its affiliated units ,kinder- gartens set up by the Street level governments in the 1950s became an important means of socializing childcare. These Street level kinder- gartens were set up upon collective welfare principles, which guided a service to be built on the goodwill of neighbors to help each other and the newly-born sense of community. These facilities were often operated and managed by members of the communities to meet the community＇s needs. This article intends to present the rise and operation of these Street level childcare facilities in Beijing between 1954 and 1957 in order to examine their management system,principles for establishment and low-cost operation characteristics. This article assesses the historical value of the Street level childcare facilities and their implications for us today from economic,political,social and personal perspectives.