弗洛姆人性“暗箱”理论——唯物史观视域内的再阐释

Fromm's “Black Box” Theory of Humanity——Reinterpretation within the Horizon of Historical Materialism

埃里希·弗洛姆对人性的根本看法与其说是传统评价所指称的"抽象人性论",毋宁说是一种"潜能—选择"人性观,或称人性的"暗箱"理论。他的人性理论融合了马克思主义唯物史观的底色,可被理解为具有三个层次的结构性心理反应机制,其底座为人的生理本能,中层为心理需要,上层则是人的性格结构。前两个层次在弗洛姆看来是人性中与生俱来、难以撼动的要素,而性格结构既受到外界环境的重要影响,又在很大程度上决定了人应对外界压力的反应方式,从而左右了人性的走向。

Erich Fromm＇ s fundamental view of humanity is more of a ＂ potential-selective＂ view of humanity or the ＂ black box＂ theory of humanity than the ＂ abstract humanity theory＂ by traditional evaluation.His theory of humanity blends the background of Marxist historical materialism and can be basically seen as a psychological reaction mechanism which is constructed by three levels.Its base is the human physiological instincts,the middle is the psychological needs, and the upper is the human character structure.The first two levels are seen by Fromm as an element that is inherent in human nature and difficult to shake.The character structure is influenced by the external environment, and in turn it also determines the response of people to external pressure,thus determining the direction of humanity.