公众参与工程公共风险治理的效度与限度

The Validity and Limit of Public Participation in the Governance of Public Risks of Engineering

工程公共风险是指工程给公众、社会和自然带来的风险。公众是工程提供的产品或服务的消费者,是承担危险后果的主体,因此公众参与应成为工程公共风险治理结构中的关键组成部分。面对公众参与工程公共风险治理的诸多困境,应从普通公众、工程开发者、政府等多个主体的立场上,从过程和结果两个维度综合考量公众参与的效度。同时,公众参与工程公共风险的治理是有限度的,要避免参与不足,防止参与过度,保持在一个合理的区间。有效的公众参与需要长期的积累,既需要制度的约束加以保障,又需要文化的积淀来孕育。

Public risks of engineering refer to the risks brought by engineering projects to the public, society and nature. The public are the consumers of products or services provided by engineering and the main subjects to take the risks consequences. Therefore, public participation should be a key component in the governance structure of public risks of engineering. Undoubtedly, there are some dilemmas for the public to participate in the governance. It is essential to consider synthetically the validity of public participation from the standpoints of multiple subjects such as the general public, the project developer, the government, and from two dimensions of the process and the result. Moreover, there is has a limit for the public to participate in the governance of engineering risks. Public participation should be kept in a reasonable interval, avoiding insufficient participation as well as excessive participation. Hence, effective public participation needs long-term accumulation. It is essential to be guaranteed by systematic regulations and bred by a favorable culture.