论生态环境损害的可保性问题--兼评《环境污染强制责任保险管理办法(征求意见稿)》

A Study on the Insurability of Ecological Damages and Viewpoints on Measures for Compulsory Liability Insurance for Environmental Pollution(for comment)

生态环境损害因果关系复杂、责任范围巨大和损害结果难以量化等事实层面的不确定性,延伸至法律层面,使得环境责任风险中生态环境损害项目的可保性存在疑问。当前不确定的生态环境损害概念、相互重叠的生态环境损害责任模式,以及已建立但尚未健全的生态环境损害评估制度,均是当前生态环境损害项目风险可保性疑问产生和加剧的原因。2017年《环境污染强制责任保险管理办法(征求意见稿)》第6条虽已明文纳入生态环境损害承保项目,但当前法律不确定性的制度背景,以及有关保险人法律保障措施规定的不完善,使得该立法选择尚需审慎斟酌。法律不确定性引发的生态环境损害责任风险可保性疑问并非不可消解,应着重完善与生态环境损害概念、生态环境损害责任模式和生态环境损害鉴定评估相关的制度规则,以及针对保险人承保生态环境损害责任风险时遭遇之不利风险的保障措施。

There are factual uncertainties in terms of ecological damages due to its complicated causal link, extensive scale of liability, and difficulties in defining and quantifying ecological damages. These factual uncertainties make the insurability of ecological damages questionable from the legal perspective. Factors making the insurability of ecological damages doubtful and even getting more aggravating include the current uncertain definition of ecological damages, overlapping liability regimes for remedying ecological damages, and the established but not yet perfect ecological damages assessment system. Although Article 6 of Measures for Compulsory Liability Insurance for Environmental Pollution has explicitly incorporated the provision on insurance for ecological damages, but the legislative option still needs to be carefully considered because of the uncertain legal background and inadequate legal protection measures by the insurer. The doubt on the insurability of ecological damages can be resolved if we can further refine the rules and measures on the definition of ecological damages, its liability insurance model, its assessment standard, and remedies for insurers in case of significant adverse risks when covering the liability.