“连续性”视野中的印度宗教

Indian Religions in the View of Continuity

文章是以"连续性"视野即理论来考察印度宗教的基本状况。"连续性"理论由张光直明确提出,其对于解释"连续性"文明形态的发生与发展有着很高的契合度。印度古代宗教是"连续性"宗教的一个典型样本,通过对它的考察,我们既可以了解印度宗教的"连续性"特征,也可以验证张光直"连续性"理论的有效性。文章具体包括以下内容:一、原始社会与早期文明宗教的普遍状况;二、印度原始社会或吠陀时期的宗教状况;三、婆罗门(早期文明)时期的宗教状况;四、佛陀时期(轴心时期)前后的宗教状况;五、后续的状况;六、简短的归纳。考察表明:在印度社会,婆罗门教或印度教这样的信仰才是最真实的,包括佛教在内的整个印度宗教仍保持着"连续性"。带有"革命"或"突破"特征的佛教虽一度由小传统发展为大传统,但它并没有实现"突破"。可以说,兴盛一时的佛教只是一个梦幻,它必然要回归传统,回归多神或偶像崇拜,回归咒术即巫术迷信,回归原有的古老信仰。这个回归我们也可以理解为改造,即将学派的佛教改造为宗教的佛教。总之,我们在这里所看到的完全是一种"连续"的景象,即一个回归或返祖的宗教传统,一个与原始信仰一脉相承的宗教传统。

this paper examines the basic state of Indian religion with the view of ＂continuity＂. The theory of ＂continuity＂is clearly put forward by Zhang Guang-zhi,which has a high degree of fit to explain the occurrence and development of the ＂continuous＂civilization forms. Ancient Indian religions are typical samples of religion with ＂continuity＂. Based on the investigation of it,we can not only understand the ＂continuity＂characteristics of Indian religions,but also validate the validity of the theory of ＂continuity＂put forward by Zhang Guang-zhi. This article includes the following contents： first,the general condition of primitive society and early civilization religions; second,the state of religion in the primitive society or Vedic period of India; third,the state of religion in the Brahman（ early civilization） period; fourth,the state of religion in the Buddha period（ the Axial period）; fifth,subsequent conditions; sixth,brief induction. The study shows that in Indian society,such beliefs as Brahmanism or Hinduism are the most authentic,and the entire Indian religions,including Buddhism,remain ＂continuous＂. Although Buddhism with the characteristics of ＂revolution＂or ＂breakthrough＂has been developed into a great tradition by a small tradition,it has not achieved ＂breakthrough＂. It can be said that the flourishing of Buddhism is just a dream,it must return to the tradition,to polytheism or idolatry,to the curse or the sorcery superstition,and to the original old beliefs. This return can also be understood as the transformation of the school of Buddhism into the religion of Buddhism. All in all,what we see here is a complete picture of ＂continuity＂,a religious tradition of regression or atavism and in line with primitive beliefs.