北京大学藏秦《水陆里程简册》与秦汉时期的“落”

Peking University's Collection Waterway and Overland Mileage on Qin Bamboo Slips and “Luo” during the Qin and Han Periods

战国秦汉时期,"聚落"之"落"具有独立的景观与行政内涵。通过新出北京大学藏秦《水陆里程简册》,"落"的"聚落自名"意义及其行政属性基本得以坐实。"落"的时空分布范围较广,战国时已经出现,秦汉得到延续,南方、北方并存,大约是秦统一后全面铺展的结果。秦汉时期居民并非全都住在城内,"落"与"里"一样都是较为原生型的聚落类型,分别是"散村型"和"集村型"聚落的代表。两者在地理上的分野,与先秦时期国野之分格局相合。聚落形态及地理上的差异也造成了基层行政管理方式的不同,"里""落"分属于不同的行政系统。"落""聚"等乡里之外非标准化末梢组织的存在,体现了帝制早期行政方式和政治地理思维的灵活运用,对于理解帝国末端的行政运行情况尤为关键。

During the Warring States and Qin-Han periods,＂Luo＂in the term ＂Ju luo＂had independent landscape and administrative connotations.Its self-naming meaning and administrative nature are basically verified by Peking University＇s Collection Waterway and Overland Mileage on Qin Bamboo Slips.＂Luo＂had a very wide distribution.It had already emerged in the Warring States period,and continued to spread during the Qin-Han period.Its existence both in the north and south was more or less a consequence of the unification of China by the Qin dynasty.During the Qin and Han dynasties,not all the residents lived inside the cities.＂Luo＂and ＂Li＂were both primitive settlement types.They respectively stood for scattered settlements and compact settlements.The distinction of these two types of settlement in geographical distribution was corresponded to the distinction between Country and Wild in pre-Qin period,whereas their differences in pattern and geographical distribution lead to their differentiation in grass-roots administrative management.The existence of non-standard peripheral organizations,such as ＂Luo＂and ＂Ju＂,which existed aside from ＂Xiang＂and ＂Li＂,embodied the flexible application of administrative practice and political geographical thinking in the early period of the imperial rule.It helps us understand the administrative operations of peripheral organizations in early imperial China.