从昆西实验到库克实验——帕克教育思想与实践的转变

From the Quincy Experiment to the Cook experiment:The transformation of Parker's educational thoughts and practices

昆西实验和库克实验是帕克最为重要的两次教育革新实践,代表了其教育思想从形成到成熟的两个阶段。以往关于两个实验的研究大多基于孤立化的视角,分别对两个实验进行静态的叙述,强调联系,忽视差别。这就导致对库克实验在帕克教育实践过程中重要性和独特性的忽视,导致片面强调帕克教育思想中"儿童"的一面,忽视其中"社会"和"学科"的一面,甚至对帕克形成极端"儿童中心"论者的片面认识。通过对两个实验的比较发现,无论在理论还是实践上,库克实验都发生了重要的转变,从"儿童中心"转变到"儿童与社会的统一"以及"儿童与课程的统一"。转变既说明了库克实验的重要性和独特性,又揭示了帕克思想中"儿童"与"社会"、"儿童"与"学科"的统一,说明帕克不仅只是"儿童中心"思想的倡导者与实践者,更绝非极端的"儿童中心"论者。

The Quincy Experiment and the Cook Experiment are two of Parker＇s most important practices of education innovation, representing the two stages of Parker＇s educational thoughts from formation to maturity. Most of the previous studies on the two experiments were based on the isolated perspective, and the two experiments were statically narrated. They emphasized connections and ignored differences, which led to lots of one-sided understanding, including the neglect of the importance and uniqueness of the Cook Experiment in the practices of Parker＇s education, the one-sided emphasis on the child-centered idea and the neglect of social and disciplinary factors in Parker＇s educational thoughts and practices. Some people even regarded Parker as an advocate of the extreme child-centered idea. However, by comparing the two experiments, we find that the Cook Experiment has undergone an important transformation both in theory and in practice from the child-centered idea to the unity of child and society and the unity of child and curriculum. The shift reveals both the importance and u- niqueness of the Cook Experiment in Parker＇s educational practices. It also explains that the ＂children＂ and ＂society＂, as well as ＂children＂ and ＂discipline＂ are unified in his thoughts. This implies that Par- ker is not just an advocate and practitioner of the child-centered idea and is absolutely not an extreme advocate of the child-centered idea.